@article {911,
	title = {Normalized movement quality measures for therapeutic robots strongly correlate with clinical motor impairment measures},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering},
	volume = {18},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {433-444},
	abstract = {In this paper, we analyze the correlations between four clinical measures (Fugl{\textendash}Meyer upper extremity scale, Motor Activity Log, Action Research Arm Test, and Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test) and four robotic measures (smoothness of movement, trajectory error, average number of target hits per minute, and mean tangential speed), used to assess motor recovery. Data were gathered as part of a hybrid robotic and traditional upper extremity rehabilitation program for nine stroke patients. Smoothness of movement and trajectory error, temporally and spatially normalized measures of movement quality defined for point-to-point movements, were found to have significant moderate to strong correlations with all four of the clinical measures. The strong correlations suggest that smoothness of movement and trajectory error may be used to compare outcomes of different rehabilitation protocols and devices effectively, provide improved resolution for tracking patient progress compared to only pre- and post-treatment measurements, enable accurate adaptation of therapy based on patient progress, and deliver immediate and useful feedback to the patient and therapist.},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2010.2047600},
	attachments = {https://mahilab.rice.edu/sites/default/files/publications/911-Celik2010TNSRE.pdf},
	author = {Ozkan Celik and O{\textquoteright}Malley, M.K. and Boake, Corwin and H.S. Levin and Yozbatiran, Nuray and Reistetter, Timothy}
}
@proceedings {celik_comparison,
	title = {Comparison of robotic and clinical motor function improvement measures for sub-acute stroke patients},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2477{\textendash}2482},
	address = {Pasadena, CA},
	abstract = {<p>In this paper, preliminary results in motor function improvement for four sub-acute stroke patients that underwent a hybrid robotic and traditional rehabilitation program are presented. The therapy program was scheduled for three days a week, four hours per day (approximately 60\% traditional constraint induced therapy activities and 40\% robotic therapy). A haptic joystick was used to implement four different operating modes for robotic therapy: unassisted (U), constrained (C), assisted (A), and resisted (R) modes. A target hitting task involving the positioning of a pointer on twelve targets was completed by the patients. Two different robotic measures were utilized to quantify the motor function improvement through the sessions: trajectory error (TE) and smoothness of movement (SM). Fugl-Meyer (FM) and motor activity log (MAL) scales were used as clinical measures. Analysis of results showed that the group demonstrates a significant motor function improvement with respect to both clinical and robotic measures. Regression analyses were carried out on corresponding clinical and robotic measure result pairs. A significant relation between FM scale and robotic measures was found for both of the analyzed modes. Regression of robotic measures on MAL scores resulted in no significance. A regression analysis that compared the two clinical measures revealed a very low agreement. Our findings suggest that it might be possible to obtain objective robotic measures that are significantly correlated to widely-used and reliable clinical measures in considerably different operating modes and control schemes.</p>},
	keywords = {robotic rehabilitation},
	attachments = {https://mahilab.rice.edu/sites/default/files/publications/74-CelikICRA2008.pdf},
	author = {Ozkan Celik and O{\textquoteright}Malley, M.K. and Boake, Corwin and H.S. Levin and Fischer, Steven and Reistetter, Timothy}
}
@article {14,
	title = {Assessing and Inducing Neuroplasticity with TMS and Robotics},
	journal = {Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Supplement 2 / Neuroplasticity and Brain Imaging Research: Implications for Rehabilitation},
	volume = {87(12)},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {59-66},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003999306012792},
	attachments = {https://mahilab.rice.edu/sites/default/files/publications/14-PIIS0003999306012792.pdf},
	author = {O{\textquoteright}Malley, M.K. and T. Ro and H.S. Levin}
}
